Netflix Reaction Paper

Netflix: Responding to Blockbuster Again The concept covered in the discussion on Netflix responding to blockbuster is an interesting topic. Netflix is a great example of disruptive innovation. Its DVD-by-mail turned the video rental business on its head and helped push Blockbuster into bankruptcy. As a start-up and outsider, Netflix was able to see that Blockbuster underserved many users. In response, Netflix created a business that offered more affordability, accessibility and availability to these under-served customers.Netflix saw this as a great opportunity and with customers busier lifestyles, demand and the advancement in the technology, Netflix made a move and serve the underserved customers of Blockbuster. Netflix is definitely the most successful of these Blockbuster-replacement services and has been steadily gaining power over the years. They started out as a DVD rentals-by-mail service and business has been booming ever since they introduced a streaming subscription servi ce as well. The rise of internet media also raised the success of Netflix.Blockbuster’s demise was linked to the success of Netflix. The business model of Netflix focuses on addressing unmet needs on the part of consumers. The business model for video rental industry back then in early 2000 was to pay-per-rental. Customers were frustrated by late fees and not being able to find their movie of choice when they wanted it. Netflix used a design principle that any company aspiring to succeed at disruptive innovation must adopt – Think Big. Start Small. Fail Quickly. Scale Fast. Think Big.Netflix pursued the big idea of streaming video, even though it would render obsolete its mail-based system for distributing DVDs. By contrast, most companies think small—they try to protect their existing business even if they can see a long-term threat from the Internet or other technological disrupter. These companies tell themselves they’re making incremental improvements , only to wake up one day and find the world has changed. When that day comes, they switch to panic mode, as Blockbuster did once it realized Netflix had transformed DVD distribution. Start Small. Netflix started with lots of small projects.This way, the company would know the market reaction and work out the kinks before going national. Fail Quickly. When early efforts at streaming video looked iffy, Netflix adopted the poker player’s mantra that most money is lost early in a hand, when the tendency is to hope that something good will materialize even though reason suggests otherwise. Netflix folded, saving its money for the day when it finally got a good hand. By contrast, most companies keep playing bad hands far too long, partly because those involved know they’ll get tarnished by association with a failure.Scale Fast. Netflix is now scaling streaming video fast, maintaining the lead it worked so hard to build over competitors. Numerous companies have, however, won early battles and lost the war at this stage of innovation. Innovations are successfully developed but never find a home because, unlike Netflix, the company isn’t willing to attack its core business. It’s worth noting that Netflix is still very much a work in progress and should continue its quest to bold innovations in order to maintain its current competitive advantage.

The technology for photovoltaic

1. Introduction1.1 Photovoltaic HistoryThe engineering for Photovoltaic dates back to over 160 old ages. A Gallic physicist, named Alexandre Edmond Becquerel, was the first to province his observations of the photovoltaic consequence in the nineteenth century. Since so, many scientists have worked to develop energy engineerings based on this consequence. The basic scientific discipline was foremost discovered in 1839 but the gait of advancement truly accelerated in three major pushs in the twentieth century. 1839 Experimenting with metal electrodes and electrolyte, nineteen-year-old Gallic physicist Alexandre Edmond Becquerel observes a physical phenomenon leting light-electricity transition 1883 Charles Fritts, an American discoverer, describes the first solar cells made from Se wafers 1888 Edward Weston receives first US patent for â€Å" solar cell † 1901 Nikola Tesla receives US patent for â€Å" method of utilizing, and setup for the utlization of, beaming energy †Albert Einstein Makes His MarkIt was n't until Albert Einstein wrote his 1905 paper on the photoelectric consequence: â€Å" On a Heuristic Viewpoint Refering the Production and Transformation of Light † . 1905 Albert Einstein publishes paper on theory behind â€Å" photoelectric consequence † along with paper on relativity theory 1916 Robert Millikan provided experimental cogent evidence of Einstein ‘s theory on photoelectric consequence 1922 Einstein wins Nobel award for 1904 paper on photoelectric consequenceThe Commercial Solar Age BeginsBell Laboratories, while working on Si semiconducting materials, discovered Si had photoelectric belongingss and rapidly developed Si solar cells, accomplishing 6 % efficiency and early orbiters were the primary usage for these first solar cells. 1954 Bell Labs exhibits foremost high-octane Si PV cell. The New York Times forecasts that solar cells will finally take to a beginning of â€Å" illimitable energy of the Sun † . 1955 Western Electric sells commercial licences for Si PV engineerings ; early successful merchandises include PV-powered dollar measure modifiers and devices that decoded computing machine clout cards and tape. 1958 PV array powers radios on US Vanguard I infinite orbiter 1963 Sharp Corporation produces a feasible photovoltaic faculty of Si solar cells. Japan installs a 242-watt PV array on a beacon, the universe ‘s largest array at that clip. 1966 NASA launches Orbiting Astronomical Observatory with a 1-kilowatt PV array 1970s Research thrusts PV costs down 80 % , leting for applications such as seaward pilotage warning visible radiations and horns beacons, railway crossings, and remote usage where utility-grid connexions are excessively dearly-won 1973 Solarex Corp is founded by two ex-NASA scientists who worked on the development of satellite PV systems 1974 Japan formulates â€Å" Project Sunshine † to fuel PV research and development 1976 Kyocera Corp begins production of Silicon thread crystal solar faculties 1977 US Dept. of Energy establishes US Solar Energy Research Institute in Golden, CO 1980s Continued betterments in efficiency and cost enables PV to go a popular power beginning for consumer electronic devices, such as reckoners, tickers, wirelesss, lanterns and other little battery charging applicationsProgressive Governments Use Subsidies to Rush AdoptionTo spur acceptance, Germany and so Japan initiated considerable subsidy plans and now those markets exist mostly without subsidies. In 2007, California leads the US with a similar 10-year plan. 1990 Germany launches $ 500MM â€Å" 100,000 Solar Roofs † plan. The Cathedral of Magdeburg installs solar cells on the roof, taging the first installing on a church in East Germany 1991 President George H. W. Bush directs the U.S. Department of Energy to set up the National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( reassigning the bing Solar Energy Research Institute ) in Sandia, NM 1994 Japan begins â€Å" 70,000 Solar Roofs † PV subsidy plan 1998 California initiates $ 112MM â€Å" Emerging Renewables Program † to fund discounts for & lt ; 30 kilowatt residential and commercial PV systems 2002 CA Public Utilities Commission begins $ 100MM â€Å" Self Generation Incentive Program † for & gt ; 30 kilowatt PV undertakings 2004 Five makers – Sharp, Kyocera, Shell Solar, BP Solar and RWE SCHOTT Solar – history for 60 per centum of the PV market. GE buys Astropower, the last leftover US independent PV maker 2006 The CA PUC demonstrates leading by sketching what will go the California Solar Initiative ( CSI ) , a 10-year, $ 3 billion solar subsidy plan. 2007 The CSI plan Begins and is good received by the market, with higher than expected application volume. 2008 Your company joins the aggressive list of California concern leaders who adopt solar power for their concern with Sunlight Electric. Sunlight Electric, LLC. , 2002-2009 )1.2 Photovoltaic Basics and Working PrinciplesThe term photovoltaic is derived by uniting the Grecian words – â€Å" exposure † , intending visible radiation, and â€Å" Gur † , intending bring forthing electricity -means â€Å" electricity from visible radiation † Photovoltaic which is abbreviated as PV is the term which is used to depict the solid province devices which are capable of direct transition of sunshine into direct current electricity. Sunlight is made up of photons which are distinct units of light energy. When these photons come in contact with a PV cell, some photons are absorbed by the semiconducting material stuff and the energy is transferred to negatrons. With this extra energy, the negatrons can get away from their atoms and can flux as current in an electrical circuit. PV systems are agencies of bring forthing electricity on-site from the Sun without any noise pollution and have no moving parts. These can hence theoretically bring forth energy boundlessly without necessitating any care. It is an established fact that in one hr the solar energy received by the Earth if converted into electricity can bring forth energy which is equal to the entire sum of energy consumed by all worlds in one twelvemonth. The basic edifice blocks of PV faculties are the PV cells. PV cells are made up of semi-conducting stuffs, which typically is silicon and is doped ( doping is the procedure of deliberately presenting drosss into an highly pure semiconducting material to alter its electrical belongingss ) with particular additives. The entire sum of current that can be produced is straight relative to the size of the cell, its transition efficiency, and the strength of sunshine received. PV cells are connected together to bring forth PV faculties. PV faculties can be connected in series and parallel to obtain the coveted electromotive force and current severally. When the PV faculties are fixed together ( in series or analogue ) they are called an array. ( Eiffert and Kiss 2000 ) PV arrays necessitate really small care no other than cleansing of the surfaces on occasion when and if they become soiled or if the PV arrays are being used in dust-covered locations. However for an efficient operation it is necessary to maintain them clear of snow, weeds and any other beginnings which can shadow a part or whole of the array. As the PV cells are connected in series ( particularly to bring forth the coveted electromotive force ) , so shadowing even one cell in a faculty will diminish the end product of the full faculty appreciably.1.3 Types of PV SystemsPhotovoltaic power systems are by and large classified in conformity with their functional and operational demands, the constellation of their constituents, and how these equipments are connected to other power beginnings and electrical tonss. The three chief categorizations are:stand-alone systemsintercrossed systemsgrid-connected or utility-interactive systems.Photovoltaic systems can be designed to supply either DC and/or AC power ; these can run interconnected with or independent of the public-service corporation grid, and can be connected with other energy beginnings and energy storage systems.a ) Stand Alone systemsStand-alone PV systems are designed to such that they can run independent of the electric public-service corporation grid. They are normally designed and sized to provide certain DC and/or AC electrical tonss. These types of systems are powered by a PV array merely. In many stand-alone PV systems, batteries are used to hive away energy during the twenty-four hours clip when the Sun radiances to be used at dark.B ) Hybrid SystemsThese are an drawn-out version of base entirely system as they consist of a combination of a PV array and a complementary agencies of electricity coevals such as a Diesel, gas or ai r current generator. In order for the operation of the two electricity bring forthing systems to be optimal, intercrossed systems typically require more sophisticated controls than any standalone PV systems. For illustration, in the instance of PV/diesel system the Diesel engine must be started when the battery reaches a given degree of discharge, and so stopped once more when the battery reaches an equal degree of charge. When a loanblend system is being used it is possible to utilize a smaller PV array and smaller batteries than would be required for an tantamount sized stand-alone system. Hence the entire cost of a intercrossed system may more cheaper to put in than a stand-alone system for some applications.degree Celsius ) Grid or Utility Intertied SystemsGrid-connected or utility-interactive PV systems are designed such that they operate in analogue with and are interconnected with the electric public-service corporation grid. The most of import constituent in grid-connected PV systems is the inverter. The inverter is required to change over the DC power produced by the PV array into AC power which is in line with the electromotive force and power quality demands of the public-service corporation grid and is capable of automatically halt providing power to the grid when the public-service corporation grid is non energized. This system requires a bi-directional interface between the PV system AC end product circuits and the electric public-service corporation web, typically at the on-site distribution panel or at the service entryway. This allows the AC power which is being produced by the PV system to either supply to the on-site electrical tonss or to back-feed the grid when and if the PV system end product is greater than the on-site burden demand. At dark and during other periods when the electrical tonss required on-site are greater than the PV system end product, the balance of power required by the t ons is received from the electric public-service corporation. There is a safety characteristic built into all grid-connected PV systems, to guarantee that the PV system will non go on to run and feed back into the public-service corporation grid when the grid is down for service or fix.1.4 Photovoltaic System ComponentsTypical Components required for a Photovoltaic System are:PV Array:A PV Array is made up of environmentally-sealed PV faculties, which are aggregations of PV cells, the devices that convert sunlight to electricity.Balance of system equipment ( BOS ) :BOS includes climb and wiring systems which are used to incorporate the solar faculties into the structural and electrical systems. The wiring systems include all the isolation devices which are required for the District of Columbia and ac sides of the inverter, all the ground-fault protection equipment, and over current protections for the solar faculties. Most systems besides include a combiner board of some sort since most faculties require fuses for each faculty beginning circuit. Some inverters include this fuse and uniting map within the inverter enclosure.DC-AC inverter:An inverter is a device that takes the dc power from the PV array as an input and converts it into standard Ac power which is required by the tonss to which it is feeding.Batteries:This includes batteries and battery enclosures, battery charge accountant and separate sub-panel ( s ) for critical burden circuits.Metering:This includes metres to supply measuring of the system public presentation. Some metres can bespeak the use of energy.Other constituents:These include the public-service corporation switch and protections as required by the local public-service corporation section.1.5 Definition – Building Integrated PhotovoltaicThe acronym BiPV ( Building integrated Photovoltaic ) refers to systems and constructs in which photovoltaics are integrated within the edifice ; they take on the function of edifice elements fun ctioning a secondary intent such as roof, fa & A ; ccedil ; ade or a shading system every bit good as holding the map of bring forthing electricity. However bing edifices may be retrofitted by adding BIPV faculties on the top of already constructed constructions as good. The chief advantage of BiPV over the common non-integrated systems is that its initial cost can be offset by cut downing the sum that had to be spent on edifice stuffs and labor usually that the BIPV faculties replace. In add-on, as BIPV are an built-in portion of the edifice design, they by and large blend in better with the edifice and are more aesthetically more pleasing than other solar options It means that they give best consequences if built/constructed along with a building/structure. They should besides be planned together with the edifice. Yet, they could be built subsequently on. They require working together of many different experts, such as designers, civil applied scientists, electrical applied scientists and PV system interior decorators.1.6 Application of Building Integrated PhotovoltaicThe photovoltaics can be integrated with the edifices and constructions as follows:a ) Facade systemsThe BIPV system can be designed to move as an outer tegument and weather barrier as portion of the edifice envelope. BIPV systems are by and large the glass merchandises which are typically used as facade systems ( laminated and patterned glass ) , spandrel glass panels, and curtain wall. These can replace traditional building stuffs. Laminated glass is the most common BIPV merchandise used for the Fa & A ; ccedil ; ade systems. It is made up of two pieces of glass with PV solar cells sandwiched between these glass pieces, an encapsulant like ethylene-vinyl ethanoate ( EVA ) or another encapsulant stuff, and a translucent or coloured tedlar-coated polyester back-sheet. The designer can bespeak the spacing between solar cells, which will find the power supply and besides permit the design of inactive solar characteristics by modulating the sum of twenty-four hours illuming allowed to come in into the edifice The photovoltaics used as edifice frontages have many advantages as they bring in natural visible radiation, ocular contact with the nature and can lend as an of import component of inactive solar energy. These make it possible to conjugate production of energy, aesthetics and thermic comfort. ( Eiffert and Kiss 2000 ) and ( Jesus, Manuela and Pereira 2005 )B ) Atrium systemsIn this system BIPV is a glass component joined with PV faculties that provides different shading degrees and can be designed to heighten indoor thermic comfort every bit good as usage of natural daytime. The semi-transparent PV faculties are most rather frequently used within the commercial atria as these can be used to replace traditional shading solutions which by and large have high care costs associated with them. However, compared to standard dual glazing systems, an component which incorporates either glandular fever or poly crystalline PV cells in a glass-glass building does come at a cost premium. But this cost premium can be offset as taking PV laminates for the atrium roof has multiple benefits for the edifice users, such as electricity coevals, solar shading, environmental and engineering statements, enhanced comfort and esteemed office workspace. Many researches have confirmed that the application of PV in atria is justified from both fiscal, environmental ( CO2 emanations ) and architectural positions. Using BIPV in the atria is possibly the most appropriate usage of PV today. As betterments happen in the cell efficiency and in peculiar the inverter dependability, it will further profit the economic sciences of PV atria and do its usage far more common topographic point. ( Eiffert and Kiss 2000 ) and ( James, Jentsch. and Bahaj 2008 )degree Celsius ) Awning and Shading systemsA assortment of PV stuffs can be mounted onto a frontage in aesthetic mode to function as sunshades.vitamin D ) Roofing systemsThe BIPV roofing system replaces conventional roofing stuffs such as tiles, herpes zosters, and metal roofing. This system can be applied to atilt roofs every bit good as plane coverings. This system has several advantages other than bring forthing electricity such as decrease in care costs, pays back the installing costs in sho rter periods due to its privileged placement for the response of solar energy. BIPV applications in plane coverings have extra advantages like its capacity to widen the roof life through its belongings of protecting the insularity and membrane from ultraviolet beams and from debasement caused by rain. ( Eiffert and Kiss 2000 ) and ( Jesus, Manuela and Pereira 2005 )1.7 Design IssuesIn order to obtain an optimal public presentation by the integrating of a photovoltaic system into edifices it is required to give due consideration to its constructability and functionality, as its installing is different from the conventional PV installing method which merely need back uping constructions opened to air. The efficiency of BIPV system is determined by the method that is applied to the edifice envelope, every bit good as the efficiency of PV system itself. In add-on to the general specifications of a PV system, there are assorted design factors that may make up one's mind the public presen tation of the BIPV systems. In any state of affairs of BIPV integrating, the undermentioned factors should be taken in consideration in all design and executing stage:Environmental Factors – Climatic informations – temperature, solar radiation – of the location must be known, this is because the solar entree, the incidence of solar radiation that reaches a PV surface at any given clip, determines the possible electrical end product of a BIPV system.It is besides of import to cognize the latitude of the topographic point and the solar orientation ( an disposition angle of the faculties ) as presentations have shown that a system installed at a tilt angle equivalent to the site latitude produces the greatest sum of electricity on an one-year footing. Care must be taken in order to avoid shadowing from the milieus. If merely a portion of PV array is shaded the energy loss can be over-proportional compared to the loss of incident solar energy.Structural Factors – These include the requested energy, weight and size of chosen faculty, ways of arrested development and operating and care schemes ( easiness of installing and handiness of system constituents ) of the BIPV system.For taking the type and size of BIPV three things which need to be considered are the energy required, architectural or aesthetic considerations, and economic factors. In order to find the coveted power evaluation of a BIPV system for a edifice, the entire electrical demands of the edifice demand to be evaluated. The optimal power evaluation of the BIPV system can so be calculated based on the part of the edifice ‘s electricity that will be supplied by this BIPV system. Architecturally, the size of the BIPV system is physically limited to the dimensions of the edifice ‘s available surface country. The balance between the sum of power required and the sum of surface country available can find the type of PV engineering that will be used. Each engineering has an associated scope of end product in watts per square pes or per square metre and cost per W.Aesthetic and Economic Factors – The faculty should suit in the milieus and must be harmonious with other building stuffs. It should be multifunctional ad replace, whenever possible, other building stuffs.Electrical issues – Electrical issues chiefly involve the public presentation and dependability of the inverters. BIPV systems include individual inverters, master-slave inverter constellations, modular inverters, and parallel independent or threading inverters.A BIPV system is most vulnerable to a single-point failure where the power generated from the BIPV array must be transformed and synchronized through the inverter from DC to AC power and so fed into the edifice or an electric public-service corporation system. If the inverter fails, the full system malfunctions. A BIPV system must be designed so that multiple inverters work together ensures greater system dependability. If one inverter malfunctions or requires care, it can be disconnected from the array and the BIPV system can still run.Safety Issues – With respects to the electrical safety issues, it is of import to observe that lightning, land mistakes, and power line rushs can all do high electromotive forces in otherwise low-tension BIPV systems. The international electric codifications, ordinances and edifice codifications are being amended to include PV engineerings and reference fire and safety issues refering BIPV design, installing, and care.( Eiffert and Kiss 2000 ) , ( Jesus, Manuela and Pereira 2005 ) and ( Moor, Borg, Boer and Oldenkamp 2004 )2. PV Technology2.1 Current Status of technological Development of PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics industry has already become a billion dollar industry. This industry is sing rapid growing as there are concerns over fuel supplies and C e manations and this is taking the authoritiess and persons to disregard its current high costs. It will go genuinely mainstream when its costs are comparable to other energy beginnings. At the minute, it is about four times more expensive than other competitory commercial merchandises. Three coevalss of photovoltaics are being developed and these will take solar power into the mainstream.First Generation PVThese include the undermentioned types: Mono Crystalline Cells ( c-Si ) Poly Crystalline Cells ( mc-Si ) Wafer & A ; eacute ; quivalents ( re-crystallisation etc ) These types of single-junction, silicon-wafer devices are now normally referred to as the first- coevals ( 1G ) engineering. The First coevals solar cells are crystalline based photovoltaic cells that have dominated and still rule the solar faculty market. These solar cells use silicon wafers of between 4 † to 8 † size, and history for biggest portion of the planetary PV market. They are dominant because of their high efficiency and proved engineering. This is despite of the fact that their fabrication costs are really high ; a job that will hopefully be resolved by the 2nd coevals cells. The fabricating procedure of 1G solar cell involves high energy intensive production attempt and is labour intensive ; this has prevented important cost decreases. 1st coevals solar cells have the highest efficiency of all three coevalss, between 13 % to 20 % and nearing the theoretical modification efficiency of around 30 % .Second Generation PVThe following measure in the development of PV to cut down cost/W is to take the unneeded stuff from the cost equation by utilizing thin-film devices. Second-generatio n ( 2G ) engineerings are besides single-junction devices and are designed to utilize less stuff while seeking to keep the efficiencies of 1G PV. The chief types in this class are: Amorphous Silicon ( a-Si ) Cadmium Telluride ( CdTe ) Copper Indium Gallium Selenide – CuIn ( Ga ) Se2 – ( CIGS ) Second coevals cells, although significantly cheaper to bring forth than first coevals cells have lower efficiencies of between 6 % to 12 % . The chief advantages of 2nd coevals, thin-film solar cells, are the lower fabrication costs and their flexibleness. Thin-film engineering has led to the development of lightweight, aesthetically delighting solar inventions such as solar herpes zosters and solar panels that can be rolled out onto a roof or other surface. CdTe, CIGS and a-Si are applied in uninterrupted axial rotation to-roll or batch procedure to back uping substrates such as glass, unstained steel or polymer foil therefore cut downing material mass and therefore costs. It is going obvious that the 2nd coevals cells will rule the residential and power public-service corporation solar applications, particularly as new, higher-efficiency cells are being researched and produced. It is now an accepted fact that as fabrication techniques evolve the production of 2nd coevals engineerings will derive important market portion in the following decennary. Even among major makers there is surely a tendency towards 2nd coevals engineerings.Third Generation PVThird-generation ( 3G ) attack to photovoltaics ( PVs ) aims to accomplish high efficiency devices but still utilizing thin-film, second-generation deposition methods. The construct is that this should be achieved merely by a little addition in cost and therefore cut downing the cost per Watt extremum. Increasing efficiency agencies lower costs because as smaller country is required for a given power this will besides cut down the costs of balance-of-system equipment, and therefore the efficiency values could dramatically diminish these costs per Watt extremum. In order to accomplish efficiency betterments, devices have to get the better of the bounds for single-bandgap devices that limit efficiencies to either 31 % or 41 % , depending on concentration ratio ( Figure 8 ) . This requires multiple energy threshold devices. Multiple energy threshold devices can be achieved in many different ways:( a ) By increasing the figure of energy degrees ;The construct of absorbing different subdivisions of the solar spectrum, by agencies of multiple energy degrees can be applied in many different device constructions.Tandem or multicolor cellsThe tandem or multicolor cell is the easiest of all the constellations. Solar cells made up of p-n junctions in different semiconducting material stuffs of increasing bandgap are placed on top of each other, such that the sunshine is foremost intercepted by the stuff of highest bandgap.– III-V tandemsThese are multi-junction cells that consist of multiple thin movies produced utilizing molecular beam epitaxy and / or metalorganic vapor stage epitaxy. Each type of semiconducting material has a characteristic set spread energy which allows it to absorb light most expeditiously over a part of the spectrum. The pick of semiconducting materials is such that they absorb abo ut the full solar spectrum, and generate electricity from as much of the solar energy as possible.Concentrator systemsConcentrator cells consist of four- or even five-bandgap cells. These are non merely higher in efficiencies but besides have higher electromotive force and lower current than three-bandgap cells. This reduces the series opposition losingss which is an of import factor for concentrator cells. Tandems suit the concentrator systems because as the figure of cells addition in the stack, the voltage-to-current ratio besides increases and this decreases the resistive losingss in the high current densenesss of concentrator cells. However, concentrators do non work with an cloudiness sky and necessitate direct sunshine for proper operation, unlike flat-plate cell faculties.Thin-film tandems – a-Si tandems, Si nanostructure tandemsA tandem thin-film Si solar cell comprises of a crystalline substrate, a first unit cell positioned on the transparent substrate, the first unit cell consisting a p-type window bed, an i-type absorber bed and an n-type bed, an intermediate contemplation bed positioned on the first unit cell, the intermediate contemplation bed including a hydrogenated n-type microcrystalline Si oxide of which the O concentration is profiled to be bit by bit increased and a 2nd unit cell positioned on the intermediate contemplation bed, the 2nd unit cell consisting a p-type window bed, an i-type absorber bed and an n-type bed.Intermediate-level cells: dross PV and intermediate set solar cellsThe attack adopted with these devices is to present one or more energy degrees within the bandgap such that they absorb photons in analogue with the normal operation of a single-bandgap cell. This semi-parallel operation offers the potency to be much less spectrally sensitive but to still give high efficiencies.( B ) Multiple bearer brace coevals per high energy photon or individual bearer brace coevals with multiple low energy photons ;Carriers generated from high-energy photons ( at least twice the bandgap energy ) absorbed in a semiconducting material can undergo impact ionisation events ensuing in two or more bearers near to the bandgap energy. But impact ionisation has a vanishingly little chance in bulk stuff. A device based on this attack requires a agency of leting the multiple electron-hole braces to be separated, transported, and collected in a m ajority construction. This is the topic of ongoing research.( degree Celsius ) Capturing bearers before thermalization.The concluding option for increasing efficiencies is to let soaking up of a broad scope of photon energies but so to roll up the photogenerated bearers before they have a opportunity to thermalize. A hot-carrier solar cell is merely such a device that offers the possibility of really high efficiencies but with a construction that could be conceptually simple compared with other really high efficiency PV devices – such as multijunction massive tandem cells. For this ground, the attack lends itself to thin-film deposition techniques with their attendant low stuff and energy use costs and the ability to utilize abundant, atoxic elements.Summary of Cell Efficiencies for 1G, 2G and 3G PhotovoltaicsThe Graph 3 shows a historic sum-up of cell efficiencies for assorted photovoltaic engineerings. The multijunction solar cells have achieved the highest efficiencies, an d these are increasing at a rate of about 1 % per twelvemonth in recent old ages. The efficiencies of the Multijunction cell have the potency to near 50 % in the coming old ages. ( Bagnall, D.M. and Boreland, M. ( 2008 ) ; Conibeer, G. , ( 2007 ) ; Ruoss, D. ( 2008 ) )2.2 Future Challenges and DevelopmentsAs we have discussed, advancement in PV engineering should be measured in $ /W, and many scientific progresss, as intriguing though they may be, will merely be relevant to the industry if they can be implemented at low-cost costs. In this sense, we can imagine two paths to cheaper photovoltaic energy that will be brought approximately by new scientific discipline and 3G constructs. The first is based on the matter-of-fact usage of new engineering to better the public presentation or diminish the cost of current devices. The 2nd, more radical, possibility might affect new whole-device constructs. Indeed, in recent old ages we have seen the outgrowth of dye-sensitised ( Gratzel, 2001 ) and polymer-based solar cells ( including organic/inorganic loanblends ) ( see Brabec and Sariciftci, 2001 ; Kanicki, 1986 ) as basically new types of device, and although none of these have come near to surpassing wafer- based Si devices in cost or efficiency, there is every opportunity that these devices could show step-change betterments or that new types of device may yet emerge. ( Bagnall, D.M. and Boreland, M. 2008 ) The PV industry is continuously seting attempt towards cost decrease so that PV could go a self-sustained industry without the demand for subsidies. Characteristic developments in solar industry are the undermentioned:Strong investing in thin-film industry. Companies based on Si, such as QCells are puting in subordinates based on thin-film engineering. Besides LCD equipment makers are developing equipment for solar industry and even complete lines for thin-film production ( such as Oerlikon or Applied Materials ) ; a diverseness of technological inventions.Reaching stableness and device dependability for cheaper engineerings, such as dye-sensitised cells.12 17 October 2008 ZONNESTROOM 2008Expansion of fabrication volume and accomplishment of lower costs, such as the instance of First Solar.Silicon deficit is driving investings into poly-Si workss. Another tendency is the production of metallurgical Si, which allows for less capital costs for production machinery and tools.ribbon/shee t adult Si, capital costs and the sum of Si used can be diminished.Thinner Si wafers and new poly-Si stuff supplies.Faster processing/higher production volume.Growth of the market for BIPV ( Building Integrated PV ) merchandises and flexible PV merchandises.Concentrating engineering could go attractive due to take down solar electricity costs in really cheery states ( Africa, USA, Middle East, India, China, Mexico and Australia ) .Emerging of new PV engineerings.As the industry and the volumes produced are acquiring larger and larger, more attending will hold to be paid to the undermentioned issues: As the industry and the volumes produced are acquiring larger and larger, more attending will hold to be paid to the undermentioned issues:Natural stuffs constrictions for different engineerings ( inexpensive solar quality glass, Te and In ) . Procuring natural stuffs supply is necessary.Reduce waste, both of natural stuffs and of resources used in production.Bing able to pull extremely qualified and good trained forces. ( Jol, J.C. , Mandoc, M.M.and Molenbroek, E.C. 2008 )3. Costss and Benefits3.1 Costss of PV Systems3.2 Advantages, Disadvantages and restrictions of BIPV Systems3.3 Future Costss4. DecisionsThe solar market is dining. The solar market has shown mean growing rate of more than 35 % over the last 10 old ages. The market value was estimated to be 13 billion Euros in 2007 and over 100,000 people have found employment in the solar concern. The cost of solar panels continues to drop every bit good. Since the early old ages of solar panels, panel monetary values have dropped by 20 % for each duplicating in cumulative production. Important states for the solar market are Germany, Japan, the US and non the least far Asiatic states with China as a strong Centre point. The renewable energy market is no longer a niche market. It was about a $ 150 billion market in 2007. Almost 60 % of this was spent on renewable power coevals undertakings in plus finance, which accounts for 23 % of all new power coevals capacity worldwide in 2007. Solar investing truly took off in 2007, when $ 28.6 billion of new investing flowed into solar, of which $ 18 billion ( approx. ˆ 13 billion ) was spent on freshly installed PV power. The one-year growing is at an mean rate of 254 % since 2004. It is seen now as a mature market by fiscal establishments. The market portion of the pillar of the solar industry, crystalline PV faculties, has still a market portion of approximately 90 % but the thin movie faculties are catching up. A batch of production installations are coming into production the coming old ages. In an international position, it is expected that the solar market will go on its high growing rates ( ~30-40 % per twelvemonth ) in the coming old ages. The coming old ages will demo an enlargement in the thin movie production capacity. However, crystalline Si will remain an of import pillar of the solar industry. Production is demoing a displacement toward Asia ( China, Taiwan, Philippines ) . Nevertheless production capacity is besides being built in Europe. In the short term, an glut state of affairs could originate. In the longer term the market will be able to catch up with the enlargement in production capacity that will happen in the coming few old ages. From the fiscal market position solar is now seen as a mature market which is safe to put in. International related investings financess and venture capitalists are puting more and more capital in solar companies and undertakings. Large investings are needed in the sector to let for high growing rates in the coming old ages. On the engineering side, In an international context, the relationship between a strong industry and a strong place market is good seeable. The market in Japan ‘collapsed ‘ after subsidies were terminated and Japan lost it ‘s international top place in production. At this minute, nowhere in the universe can be found so many thin movie start-up companies as in Germany, where presently the most PV faculties are sold. A strong internal market besides creates occupations in the installing sector. In footings of occupation Creation. Forexample: Germany has 40.000 occupations in PV, Grid para may be reached in the Netherlands in 2015 or even earlier every bit good. It should be realized though that the volumes necessary to make this low PV kWhprice will hold to be realized and it will non go on if everybody starts waiting for grid para. Besides, it is non expected that the PV-consumer market will straight take off every bit shortly as grid para is reached. Grid para is in fact already reached in South Italy by now, but the market is still little. However, a sufficiently interesting pay back clip, consciousness of the possibilities and willingness to pay up forepart for families and an substructure able to offer cost-efficient rooftop PV-systems will hold to be in topographic point for this to go on. Last but non least, a batch will depend on the development of the conventional electricity monetary values in the old ages to come. ( Jol, J.C. , Mandoc, M.M.and Molenbroek, E.C. 2008 )5. MentionsWekken, T ( 2007 ) . Power quality and Utilisation Guide, Distributed coevals and renewables, photovoltaic installings [ on-line ] . Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/3012823/Photovoltaics [ Accessed on 27 Oct 2009 ]Eiffert.P and Kiss.G.J. ( 2000 ) , Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional constructions. A Sourcebook for Architects [ online ] . NREL/BK-520-25272. Available from hypertext transfer p rotocol: //www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf [ Accessed on 13 Dec 2009 ]Sunlight Electric, LLC. , 2002-2009 [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sunlightelectric.com/pvhistory.php [ Accessed on 27 Oct 2009 ]Wisconsin Public Service Corporation ( 2000 ) [ on-line ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildingsolar.com/technology.asp [ Accessed on 27 Oct 2009 ]James, P.A.B, Jentsch, M.F. and Bahaj, A.S. , ( 2008 ) Quantifying the added value of BiPV as a shadowing solution in atria. Solar Energy Journal, [ online ] 83 ( 2 ) pp 220-231. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/science? _ob=MImg & A ; _imagekey=B6V50-4T7HYK9-2-T & A ; _cdi=5772 & A ; _user=129520 & A ; _orig=browse & A ; _coverDate=02 % 2F28 % 2F2009 & A ; _sk=999169997 & A ; view=c & A ; wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkzk & A ; md5=947f9679e28a5d75fdd0842654bd3387 & A ; ie=/sdarticle.pdf [ Accessed 14 Dec 2009 ]Jesus, L. , Manuela, A. and Pereir a, E. , ( 2005 ) The Difficulties of Implementation of BIPV in Portugal, rejection or absentation? [ online ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/6885/2/Jesus_CI_2005.pdf [ Accessed 27 Oct 2009 ]Moor, H.H.C. , Borg, N.J.C.M. , Boer, B.J. and Oldenkamp, H. , ( 2004 ) , Lay-out of Building incorporate PV systems. In: fifth ISES Europe Solar Conference June 2004, Freiburg Germany [ online ] . Available from file transfer protocol: //ftp.ecn.nl/pub/www/library/report/2004/rx04073.pdf [ Accessed on 14 Dec 09 ]Bagnall, D.M. and Boreland, M. ( 2008 ) Photovoltaic Technologies. Energy Policy, [ online ] 36 ( 12 ) pp 4390-4396. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/science? _ob=MImg & A ; _imagekey=B6V2W-4TW0SWR-5-C & A ; _cdi=5713 & A ; _user=129520 & A ; _orig=browse & A ; _coverDate=12 % 2F31 % 2F2008 & A ; _sk=999639987 & A ; view=c & A ; wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkWA & A ; md5=3cc7fe5f76574e4d9b fc13a2c1d96f37 & A ; ie=/sdarticle.pdf [ Accessed 17 Dec 2009 ]EurObserv'ER, PhotovoltaicEnergyBarometer,2008 [ online ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro184.pdf [ Accessed: 17 Dec 09 ]A Guide to Photovoltaic ( PV ) System Design and Installation, 2001 [ on-line ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energy.ca.gov/reports/2001-09-04_500-01-020.PDF [ Accessed: 14Dec 09 ]Ruoss, D. ( 2008 ) Market Overview of Silicon and Non-Silicon Technologies and a Perspective of the PV Market and Technologies Development [ online ] . Available from www.envision.ch/index.php? option=com_docman & A ; task [ Accessed: 17 Dec 09 ]Conibeer, G. , ( 2007 ) , Third-generation photovoltaics. Materials Today [ online ] 10 ( 11 ) pp 42-50. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=MImg & A ; _imagekey=B6X1J-4PWDT21-M-K & A ; _cdi=7244 & A ; _user=10 & A ; _orig=search & A ; _coverDate=11 % 2F30 % 2F2007 & A ; _sk=999899988 & A ; view=c & A ; wchp=dGLbVzW-zSkzV & A ; md5=84028f687bf61e4d4cfb276fab93973b & A ; ie=/sdarticle.pdf [ Accessed: 17 Dec 09 ]Geisz, J. , Olson, J. , Friedman D. , Kurtz, S. , McMahon, W. , Romero, M. , Reedy, R. , Jones, K. , Norman, A. , Duda, A. , Kibbler, A. , Kramer, C. , and Young, M. ( 2004 ) III- V/Silicon Lattice-Matched Tandem Solar Cells. In: DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program Review Meeting, October 2004, Denver, Colorado [ online ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/36991.pdf [ Accessed: 17 Dec 09 ]Kolodziej, A. , Wronski, C.R. , Krewniak, P. and Nowak, S. ( 2000 ) Silicon thin movie multijunction solar cells.Opto-Electronics Review [ online ] 8 ( 4 ) pp339-345. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wat.edu.pl/review/optor/2000/4/8 ( 4 ) 339.pdf [ Accessed: 17 Dec 09 ]Jol, J.C. , Mandoc, M.M.and Molenbroek, E.C. ( 2008 ) Solar Electricity 2008 – A Technical and Economic Overview [ online ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ecofys.org/com/publications/documents/PVStatus2008_NLperspectief_Eng_17okt08.pdf [ Accessed: 16 Dec 09 ]6.0 BIPV TerminologyBuilding-integrated photovoltaic ( BIPV ) is a comparatively recent new application of photovoltaic ( PV ) energy engineerings. These are some of the basic footings used in depicting PV engineerings, BIPV merchandises, and their utilizations: Antireflection coating– a thin coating of a stuff that reduces light contemplation and additions light transmittal ; it is applied to the surface of a photovoltaic cell. Balance of System ( BOS )– Non-PV constituents of a BIPV system typically include wiring, switches, power conditioning units, metres, and battery storage equipment ( if required ) . Bypass rectifying tube– a rectifying tube connected across one or more solar cells in a photovoltaic faculty to protect these cells from thermic devastation in instance of entire or partial shading of single cells while other cells are exposed to full visible radiation. Conversion efficiency– Sum of electricity a PV device green goodss in relation to the sum of light reflecting on the device, expressed as a per centum. Curtain wall– an exterior wall that provides no structural support. Encapsulant– Plastic or other stuff around PV cells that protects them from environmental harm. Grid-connected– Inter-tied with an electric power public-service corporation. Inverter– Device that transforms direct-current ( DC ) electricity to jumping current ( AC ) electricity. Faculty– Commercial PV merchandise incorporating interrelated solar cells ; faculties come in assorted criterion sizes and can besides be custom-made by the maker. PV array– Group or twine of affiliated PV faculties runing as a individual unit. PV laminate– Building constituent constructed of multilayers of glass, metal or plastic and a photovoltaic stuff. PV solar cell– Device made of semiconducting material stuffs that convert direct or spread light into electricity ; typical PV engineerings are made from crystalline, polycrystalline, and formless Si and other thin-film stuffs. Solar entree– Sunstroke incidence of solar radiation that occurs on a PV system ‘s surface at any given clip ; it determines the possible electrical end product of a BIPV system. Stand-alone– Remote control power beginning offprint from an electric public-service corporation grid ; a stand-alone system typically has a battery storage constituent. ( Eiffert.P and Kiss.G.J. 2000 )

Family Assessment Essay

Gordon’s functional health patterns is a method developed by Marjory Gordon, a nursing theorist and professor. The functional health patterns are to be used during the nursing process to obtain a more comprehensive assessment. There are 11 functional health patterns to in place to create a comprehensive assessment. The functional health patterns are values and health perception and management, sleep/rest, nutrition, activity/exercise, elimination, cognitive-perceptual, role relationship, self perception, coping-stress tolerance, sexuality and religion. In this paper, I will discuss all of these functional health patterns as they pertain to my husbands perception of our family. Functional Health Patterns I interviewed my husband using Gordon’s functional health pattern guided questions. Miguel is a 41 year old father of four children, Trysten who is 6, Tyernen is 5, Lola is 3 and Eva who is 14 months old. Miguel has been married to Susan for 13 years. He has been running a household for the past 5 years at, taking on the newest role for men as a stay at home parent. The Health Perception–Health Management pattern involves health practices used to reach current level of health or wellness and the individuals actual health status. Questions should focus on the individuals perceived health status and meaning of health. During the assessment of this pattern, a nurse may unearth other patterns that may need to be explored. (Edelman) Rarely sick, Miguel goes to the doctor when necessary and is on Zoloft for anxiety. The kids have been to the doctor this year for their well check ups. Trysten is battling allergies, and just got over a sinus infection. Eva had an ear infection and is now teething. Tyernen had his tonsils out last year. Lola is relatively healthy and Susan just discovered she has been starting to get migraines and is trying different home remedies for these. Nutritional-metabolic patterns focus on the nutrient intake relative to metabolic need. This includes evidence of nutritional balance (physical examination) and reports and description of food and fluid consumption (history). (Edelman) Many meals are eaten out, fast food and restaurants are frequented. When foods are cooked at home, stews, steak, chicken cutlets, pastas, bread, and salads are usually made. Snacks include fruits and banana shakes he makes for the kids. He is overweight and states he knows so. The kids are healthier, and the parents make better choices for them then they do for themselves. Susan is, too, overweight. A very important factor when assessing the sleep-rest pattern is the perception of getting an adequate amount of relaxation and sleep. If the individual reports energy levels waning or fatigue this may provide some indication of the individual’s satisfaction. People have their own ideas about the roles that rest and sleep play in preparing the individual for desired or required daily activities. This pattern becomes extremely important when sleep and rest are reported as insufficient because it effects other aspects in the assessment. (Edelman) Miguel states that he has trouble sleeping and is often tired the next day. He states â€Å"the doctor ordered a sleep study for my sleep apnea I’m sure I have, but I never go. † Children sleep well through the night, approximately 10 hours. Susan just switch from working night shift to day shift, and is flipping her schedule around. Elimination patterns include bladder, skin and bowel function. Nurses ask the patient about regularity, quality, and quantity of stool and urine through reports from the individual any changes or perceived problems and about methods used to get regularity or control. Perspiration quantity and quality determine excretory skin function. (Edelman) In regards to his bathroom habits, he states he goes regularly. Miguels skin is clear, some dryness on elbows and knees noted. Hair and nails look healthy and clean. Children have normal patterns and skin is clear no dryness. Susan has drier skin, states bathroom needs are normal. The activity-exercise focuses on activity level, regular exercise program, and leisure time activities. Physical and subjective assessments include movement capability, activity tolerance, use of assistive devices, self-care ability, satisfaction with activity and exercise patterns, and any perceived problems. (Edelman) With the 4 children, he does get out and play with the kids, but there is no regular exercise routine. The children play everyday outside, wether in the park or in the yard. Susan doesn’t have a regular exercise program either. Cognitive patterns are the ability of the individual to understand and follow directions, make decisions, solve problems, retain information and use language appropriately. Auditory, olfactory, visual, gustatory, tactile, and kinesthetic sensations and perceptions impact the perceptual and sensory patterns. (Edelman) Cognitively, Miguel reads the news online and utilizes the internet to write to his family in Argentina. English is his second language, and he does need assistance expressing himself every once in a while. He does wear glasses, but they are more for driving needs. Children are developmentally on target for their respective ages. Susan is working full time, taking on line courses and running a home with the help of her husband. The sense of each individual’s personal identity, emotional patterns, goals, and feelings about the self is the self perception pattern. Self-image and sense of worth come from the individual’s perception of personal appearance, limitations, and competencies, including the individual’s self-perception and others’ perceptions. (Edelman) Miguel wants to go back to school, but his family is first. At this time, he is at home, allowing his wife to continue her education to better their situation. He feels trapped at times, wants to go back to work. He wants to go to the gym, but his children are more important at this time. He reads to better his knowledge base and fixes the cars, thriving on a bargain when it is found. Again, children seem to be on with their developemental milestones. Susan is having trouble with her physical appearance. Though she projects a confident persona, she is uncomfortable with how she looks at this time. Roles-relationships pattern describes the identity the individual assumes with in a social group and how they interact with others with in that social group and how they are connected. The individual’s perception is a large component of the assessment, as is the individual’s subjective level of satisfaction with the roles and relationships they are in. (Edelman) Miguel states â€Å"I am a daddy, husband, and a friend. † He describes himself in his roles, â€Å"daddy† being the most important to him. The childrens role are still being determined due to the fact they are so young. Trysten is big brother to all and best friend to daddy. Tyernen is a big brother and in competition with Trysten all the time, though it seems to make them want to be better. Tyernen favors his mother, but jokes around often with daddy. Lola seems to have taken on the role of trouble maker, and Eva is following her footsteps. Susan has taken on the role of mother, breadwinner, student, and nurse (not in any specific order). She tends to lead the family, get everyone moving. The sexuality-reproductive pattern is defined by the individual’s sexual functioning, sexual self-concept, methods of intimacy, and reproductive areas. The importance of sexuality to the individual’s life and health is related to the relationship and self-perception patterns. Body image, gender identity and role are linked to sexual identity. Sexual functioning involves, but is not limited to, sexual relations with a partner. (Edelman) Miguel and Susan have not been physically intimate in a long while. Either one of them remember the last time. This is mostly due to Susan’s self-perception/body image and the busy lives that are being lead. Miguel has expressed more than once that the physical aspect of their shared sexuality is unsatisfying. The ability to manage stress in life is a learned behavior. Stress is an inevitable part of life; without it there is no motivation to grow. Most stress comes from minor irritations that build over time, not great tragedies. Edelman) There are many stressors affecting this family. Four young childrens’ demands, being in Arizona when we would prefer to be in New York, working full time, going back to school, staying home with the kids, many many stressors are impacting the lives of the two parents. For the most part, the stress is handled well, though we both seem to be r eaching for food too often and may need to re evaluate our coping mechanisms so it doesn’t impact the childrens learned coping mechanisms. The values-beliefs pattern is defined as the individual’s goals, spiritual values and beliefs. Each of the 11 health patterns addresses the value systems of individuals, family, and society. Individual values or beliefs develop over time and guides the individuals life through societal influences and personal experiences with family. (Edelman) There is no firm religious influence in the home. The family is valued, belief in building a strong base for the children to grow. After compiling the data from the assessment of the family discussed in the paragraphs above, some nursing diagnosis that would be appropriate would be: Altered Nutrition more than body requirements related to using food as a coping mechanism. Sexual dysfunction related to change in body or self-image. Ineffective coping related to inadequate coping method. In conclusion, the functional health patterns gave me a better idea of what is happening in my family and how it is effecting my husband and our relationship. There is always an aspect of the health patterns that can be improved upon within a family, it is the nurses job when assessing to be thorough and helpful.

Comparison of three learning theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparison of three learning theories - Essay Example All these theories will be compared and contrasted as well so as to understand the similarities and differences. Social Cognitive Theory Social cognitive theory explains the acquisition of behavioral patterns by human beings. It is based on the idea that human beings learn by observing the behavior of other people around them. According to the social cognitive theory there are three factors that have an impact on behavior namely environment, person, and behavior. A person acquires knowledge when environment combines with personal characteristics and experience. A learner also evaluates new experiences through the past and prior experience help the learner understand the present experience. In short, it is through the interplay of environment, behavior and personality that an individual acquires knowledge. The social cognitive theory takes into account the personal factors of the learner therefore it is also used in personality development. All the three factors can be manipulated to bring a desired change in the behavior of a person. Social cognitive theory also emphasize on the emotional element of learning. A learner is more likely to learn from a source with which the learner feels emotionally attached (Bandura, 1994). Learning therefore is also dependent on perceived similarities between the model and the learner. The theory focuses on the environmental, personal, and behavioral factors in order to explain how human beings learn. Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory Vygotsky is a Russian psychologist who gave his theory of social development. He emphasizes the role of social interaction in the overall learning process of a person. He explained human development through social interaction and claimed that social learning through interaction is followed by development. The first stage of learning according to Vygotsky is social learning. The social development theory also include ‘the more knowledgeable other’ (MKO). This is a thing or a p erson that serves as a teacher for the learner as this MKO has skills superior to the learner. The theory also talks about ‘the zone of proximal development’ (ZPD) which is the difference between what the learner can do without help and what the learner can do with MKO. It is in this ZPD that a learner can acquire new knowledge. The main difference between social development theory and social cognition theory is that former argues that social interaction lead to cognitive development and the latter argues that learning takes place with the combination of environmental, personal and cognitive factors. Application of social development theory can be in schools where teachers should focus on open dialogue and should engage in discourse (Hausfather, 1996). It will be helpful because it is through social interaction that cognitive development can be achieved. Game Based Learning Game based learning theory focuses on learning through different activities and games. Learners g ain knowledge by taking part in activities designed to challenge themselves thereby keeping their interest and involvement high. It is a relatively new theory that uses games and interesting techniques to help students learn difficult concept. The idea behind game based learning is to attract the attention of the learners and develop interest in order to facilitate learning.

College Attrition Causes and Some Resolutions Essay

College Attrition Causes and Some Resolutions - Essay Example in Roberts and Styron 2). Leonhardt notes that the U.S. education system is a good student recruiter, but poor in college retention strategies. This paper analyzes the primary causes of college attrition and seeks to present solutions to them. This paper argues that there are seven main causes of student attrition and they are: academic under-preparedness, working more than 20 hours a week while taking 3 to 4 classes, excessive extra-curricular activities, financial problems, loneliness, poor family support, and lack of student-university fit. One of the main reasons that college students do not graduate is that they are simply unprepared for the academic challenges of their chosen degrees. Academic under-preparedness means that students are not sufficiently equipped to handle the academic needs of attending college and meeting their institution’s minimum academic standards. More than 50% of first-year students are not adequately prepared for college-level work, according to J eff King, director of the Koehler Center for Teaching Excellence at Texas Christian University (Lewis). Clearly, if students do not even have the basic skills or knowledge to complete their course requirements, the more likely they are to not finish college. An example is a student who does not have good English language skills. She might be able to express herself in verbal English, but she does not know how to write a college-level academic paper. Since many courses require writing, she will have problems in completing them. Several solutions to academic under-preparedness are diagnostic assessments at college entry and academic support centers. The Koehler center is creating a tool that can help recognize students who are most at risk of dropping out (Lewis). King stresses: â€Å"There’s increasing pressure †¦ to prove that after these thousands of dollars that parents are paying for a credential, the students are learning† (Lewis). Tools like these can help id entify students who are at risk of not graduating and they can help schools introduce intervention measures that can increase their students’ chances of college success. Academic support centers are also crucial to helping students finish their degrees. Tutorial support, writing workshops, and other services and resources can help students handle a wide range of academic challenges. The second cause of college attrition is working more than 20 hours a week while taking 3 to 4 classes. College students do not have a homogenous profile, where they are all â€Å"only† students who do not need to work, or they work for additional allowance purposes alone. Many of them are working students who struggle to balance work and school needs. They depend on their work to provide for their basic needs, such as food, rent, and transportation. Other students are also married and with children, or are primary or secondary breadwinners in their families. If the physical, emotional, and time demands of the workplace are high enough to intrude on academic life, students will feel overwhelmed and unable to reach the minimum requirements of their educational institutions. When work demands are high, colleges can help students through their rigorous counseling and support centers. Teachers or educational professionals can counsel students to take only classes that they have the time and energy to finish. Academic support centers are also important, since they will refer working students to centers or groups that can help them handle the challenges of

Juvenile Justice System Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Juvenile Justice System Process - Essay Example During the decision making stage, where the arresting officer is still trying to make contact with the parents or making transfer arrangements, federal regulations require that the juvenile being held at adult penitentiaries be kept away from adult inmates (Neubauer & Fradelia, 2009). The law also stipulates that they should be removed from the adult facilities within six hours of arrest. The third stage is the transfer of the case to the juvenile probation department. Here the intake officer will then make a decision whether to dismiss the case, handle it informally or he may propose a formal hearing. Most of the Juvenile cases about 50 percent of them are dismissed (Neubauer & Fradelia, 2009). The probation officer has to review all the facts about the case during this stage and determine whether there is sufficient information to try the youth. If there is adequate evidence the case may be heard informally or formally depending on the available facts otherwise the case is dropped. While awaiting trial the juvenile is required by law to be detained in a secure facility. A judge often decides if the juvenile should be detained before and during the course of the trial. The officer also explains the intent of the detention in a detention hearing that takes place within 24 hours of arrest (Martin, 2005). The fourth stage is either informal, formal hearing or disposition. An informal hearing will be granted by a judge if the juvenile pleads guilty and agrees to settle the charges brought against him through acceptance to meet the courts requirements which may be: restitution, mandatory curfew, school attendance or rehabilitation (NCJRS, 2000). The juvenile is then released but will be monitored by a probation officer. In formal hearings a decision is made where the case will be heard and this may be in a juvenile or criminal court. Most of the cases will be heard in a juvenile court but egregious offenses will be tried in criminal courts (Neubauer & Fradelia, 200 9). Recommendations The juvenile system process varies within states but the above mentioned process is a standard procedure that is supposed to be followed. The problem is that the process is rarely followed. I would recommend that all states adopt the same process so that it becomes uniform. Secondly some states detain juveniles for over six hours in adult penitentiaries. This should stop because the minors go through a rough time in the cells and this affects them psychologically. Third I would also recommend system wide changes in terms of facilities and officers trained to facilitate the whole process. References Martin, G. (2005). Juvenile Justice: Process and Systems. Thousand Oaks, Carlifonia: Sage Publications. NCJRS. (2000). Juvenile Justice System Structure and Process. Retrieved March 26, 2012, from NCJRS: https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/nationalreport99/chapter4.pdf Neubauer, D. W., & Fradelia, H. F. (2009). America's Courts and the Criminal Justice System. New York: C engage

Analysis the poster of the pursuit of happiness Essay

Analysis the poster of the pursuit of happiness - Essay Example The image text vividly demonstrates logos by engaging us in a reasoned discussion about parent-teacher or father-son relationships (Pursuit of Happiness). It seems to recommend an appropriate model which is to bring along with us everyone who brings happiness and means the world to us. Also, the photo demonstrates a huge and tall parent (Pursuit of Happiness). This can be analyzed to imply strength and protection. On the other hand, the undersized son does not necessarily symbolize the opposite. Rather, the small son embodies an image of security. The father looking down on the son might also mean a person watching over their treasure. Furthermore, the son looking away is likely to create an image of a little person content with the protection they receive and enjoy. As discussed, there is a more subtle message underlying the image text. Pathos is the next rhetoric device in discussion. Pathos entails all the possible feelings a text-image inspires in the audience. In this case, the son leaning towards the reassuring father creates a feeling of passionate love between the two. Another imperative aspect is the emotions expressed in their faces. The father is half-smiling while the son wears a broad smile (Pursuit of Happiness). The suggestion is clear. The individuals share immense joy. The same feeling is passed on to the attentive members of the audience. The devices to be discussed next belong to the second set earlier referred to as ‘visual’ devices. What is meant by that is that they are perceived best by the eye. First on the list is foregrounding/ back-grounding. In the background, we can see the sun disappearing around the point just below where the pair are clutching hands. This is a symbol perhaps of retiring to a place of comfort possibly home after a long and tiresome day. Also, in the background we can see a city (Pursuit of Happiness). It implies these are individuals seeking the comfort of home after maybe a

Impact of the Great War on Modern Western Literature Essay

Impact of the Great War on Modern Western Literature - Essay Example Self-awareness and politics became a more popular theme in literature. In Christine Stansell's American Moderns, she accounts how "it gained momentum with a call to arms that echoed earlier campaigns for literary realism waged by Howell and Twain" during the 1910s (148). Personally, I am instantly inspired to write whenever I experience unfortunate instances in life. I don't know but perhaps it is the sad occurrence and the lesson learned from it that drives a writer to start scribbling on a piece of paper or pounding on the computer keyboard. In most cases, literary works reflect the writer's mood at the moment he wrote the piece. During the First World War, stories of starvation abound on the streets. Children in less developed countries die of hunger because the leaders who are supposed to take care of their welfare have joined the Great War. Families of soldiers feel more fear and longing as the war progresses. These terrifying experiences and the idealism gained from the Great War have inspired many writers, veteran and amateur alike. Even the soldiers who survived the war wrote their own memoir to enable the public to, at least, take a glimpse inside the army camp or at the battlefield. Thus, answering the call for realism in literature - the kind of literary piece that discriminating readers like to read as they also long for information. Stansell further puts it that "serious American readers who came of age just as modernist prose was exploding in Europe formed their notions of new literature not from stylistic and narrative innovation but from a realist tradition that dwelt on contraband subject matter" (161). In turn, the "American writers saw their task as telling the truth of modern life, an act that, in their minds, amounted to revolutionary realism" (Stansell 161). Apart from this, people became more aware of their religiosity. To some, the Great War gave them the chilling sensation of what it would be like during the Judgment Day. T.S. Elliot's The Hollow Men, for instance, depicts the feeling of a dead man who has nowhere to go to: Is it like this In death's other kingdom Waking alone At the hour when we are Trembling with tenderness Lips that would kiss Form prayers to broken stone (Elliot). However, for me, this poem depicts the sense of emptiness in a person who fought a war that has claimed many lives and destroyed communities. Though Elliot did not go to the battlefield himself, somehow he has experienced the battle as he transferred to the United Kingdom on 1914 - the time when WWI is brewing. William Butler Yeats' The Second Coming has a religious or spiritual connotation as well: Surely some revelation is at hand; Surely the Second Coming is at hand. The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi (Yeats). However, Yeats actually refers to a new phase in every man's life, particularly a life after a revolution. Certain meaning to specific phrase in the poem is offered in the website http://www.stfrancis.edu/en/yeats!.htm. Indeed, the First World War or the Great War, although not well remembered as the Second World War, has made a considerable turning point in every man's life. The controversies and the lessons learned from the war made an important impact among the writers and the readers craving for a realist literature. This important change in Modern Western Literature is still used up to this time

A part of an outline for security on campus paper Essay

A part of an outline for security on campus paper - Essay Example It is wise to enquire what other campuses have done to deal with insecurity and boost the security of their schools. There are professionals who have studied crime, criminals and psychology. They can help identify the weakest areas in security on the campus. Moreover, they can appraise and audit the campus security apparatus and staff against the crime in the campus area. This will provide video records of the movement of students around the campus. Students or other people showing suspicious behaviour will be easily noted by security personnel from the command centre who will remain on high alert. Students will complain about their privacy. However, they will be issued with a privacy policy from the campus that will indicate the records will only be used for security purposes (Phaneuf 48). Criminals like lurking in the dark. The dark conceals their identities and thus evidence of a crime cannot be traced back to them. There should be enough lighting. Lighting will increase surveillance by security personnel and movement can be easily noted in the dark. Vulnerable rooms are those that are easy to get. Vulnerable rooms on campus, especially those that contain valuables such as university electronics, exam papers and so on should not be easily accessible. The doors should be made from metal and cameras should be installed so that any suspicious movement or attempt to break in is traced back to the criminal. Police officers are implementers of the law. When a crime occurs, they should be informed so that they restore law and order. Criminals are then arrested. Early reporting can help prevent a crime from taking

Equity and Trust Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Equity and Trust - Research Proposal Example Although cash contributions are generally found to be price elastic, property contributions are price elastic only for high-income taxpayers. These results suggest that the current tax-favored status for donations of appreciated assets by taxpayers other than the wealthy should be reassessed. These findings are also important when considering alternative tax system proposals, such as the flat tax which does not permit a deduction for charitable contributions. It is not only the charitable status of private schools and hospitals that are threatened by the provisions of the draft Charities Bill. The removal of the legal presumption, which will require charities to positively prove the benefits delivered to the public, will challenge the charity status of many faith-based organizations as well. The legal presumption in this case and many others is no... Rather it is a necessary device to protect those charities that deliver indirect benefits not subject to the rude gaze of public scrutiny. To combat harmful discrimination by private tax-supported groups, society should, at a minimum, maximize the use of all currently existing legal tools. One such tool used by the federal government against private groups (whether tax-supported or not) is the conditioning, under civil rights laws, of the receipt of federal financial assistance (FFA) on the recipient's agreement not to discriminate. However, these civil rights laws have not been interpreted broadly enough to apply to private, tax-supported organizations based solely on their receipt of tax benefits.

In what ways television affects Essay Example for Free

In what ways television affects Essay AIM: I propose to find out what children say about how television affects their play. Socialisation is a very important concept in sociology and the role of the mass media is highly debateable. Many sociologists believe that media effects start by setting out an overall relationship between media and its audience. They are often called models of media effects. I will interview the children these interviews will be unstructured. The children will be interviewed separately. Gender will be a comparison I look at to and whether the gender affects whom the children imitate. CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS: The study of Bandura Ross and Ross uses the term of social learning theory to assert that children copy behaviour another example of this is copycat violence found in Hagell Newburn’s study. In my research will ask the children whether they say they act violently due to the violent content they may have viewed and whether they have chosen to imitate these programs. Hagell Newburn’s study compared young offenders viewing behaviour with non-offending teenagers. They found the differences were few between the two groups and what they watched, with hardly any having seen the films that were causing the concern at that time. A few members of either group had an interest in a violent output. The young offenders had less access to different media types. Other factors instead of media could have been causing the differences in their behaviour. The other context being analysed is Bandura Ross Ross who looked at whether children learnt behaviour through observation. This is the idea of the social learning theory. Children were made to watch a violent model be aggressive towards a five-foot ‘bobo’ doll. Later the children were given an aggressive arousal and then taken to another room where they were monitored as to how they reacted towards the ‘bobo’ doll, after seeing a model do this. The different concepts are is copycat violence this is violence that occurs as a result of copying what is seen in the media. Catharsis another theory is the process where tension is relieved, for example violence on screen that provides a safe outlet for people’s violent inclination. The final concept is desensitisation some theorists argue that the constant media diet of violence makes them less sensitive to real human suffering. These concepts tie in with the idea children are passive sociologists believe this, children respond easily to everything. This is the reason for watershed on T. V at 9pm because what comes on television isn’t suitable enough for children and there is a fear that the children will imitate this behaviour. (337) MAIN RESEARCH METHOD AND REASONS: The method I will be using is by interviewing the children by asking them to explain the reason for their behaviour. The questions I will ask the children will be questions not only requiring the answers that I need but there will be a series of distracting questions so the children will not know the aim of the questions being asked. Interviews are an advantage because it is better to gather all the information needed for an interview because you get to understand what the interviewee’s true opinions are. Interviews are flexible and can be used in different ways; also the ethical advantage is consent of the participants the theoretical advantage is that at applies to the law of interpretivists (Action theory). You can use empathy to understand their opinions in depth; these methods generate higher levels of validity of these results. They give a general understanding of the problem, there is less pressure on the interviewee and their answers are more spontaneous. Important concepts are uncovered about the information that will help me conclude whether the children imitate what they watch. When interviewing the children I will be asking them which programs they imitate and this will give me an insight into whether there is a pattern with what they watch. The sample I will be using for the interviews are of children from the ages of five to ten years old, because at this stage of childhood where television will be their main interest and there is a large variety if television for children of these ages also this is the age children are most likely to be influenced by the media. The genders of the children being used are varied so I will be using five boys and five girls. The children all come from the Borough of Newham of East London. It is easier for me if the children are living in the same borough there will be an easier access to these children and it will be easier for me and the children. The sample of the children I will be studying is opportunity sampling as the sample depends on whether the adults agree to their children being in the sample. The consent for whether the child will participate will be the decision of the adults. In Bandura’s study he gave the children an aggressive arousal and in this study will not do this as the aggressive arousal means that the children could have acted violently because of the arousal given and not because they were imitating the models behaviour. (425) POTNETIAL PROBLEMS The interviews of the amount of children I will be looking at can be very time consuming. With this study I need to be aware that the sample isn’t appropriate enough to apply to the whole population because all the children are from the same background and all from a similar ethical background and there may be a pattern in their behaviour. The main practical issue is whether the adults will allow their children to take part in the study. These types of questionnaires are basically a conversation dominates by the interviewer. These unstructured interviews may also go off the initial idea of what is being interviewed. Also with the amount of children I will be looking at and the sample of children I will be looking at there will be a lot of activity so it may be difficult to record all of their behaviour. These interviews are more difficult to analyse, and there are less details provided on the concept being asked. Ethical problems are mental harm to the children if they don’t like the questions being asked of them. Right to withdraw will be an ethical issue also because the children may not feel they have the right to leave and stop asking the questions. The final ethical issue is informed consent, which will be coming from the child and not the parents. The children should be able to make the decision but when a child is involved the parents have the consent. Time consumption is a practical issue through finding time to interview ten children. Being able to get the children to understand the question and also to cooperate may be difficult. Likewise another ethical issue is the children may not understand the debriefing. If they don’t understand the debriefing there will be an issue of this ethical guideline and the parents will also have to also be debriefed too.

How Math Is Used in Cooking Essay Example for Free

How Math Is Used in Cooking Essay Math is used for many things, but for me I will be using it in field of culinary arts. When many people think of math they automatically think of algebra or geometry, math is those things plus much more. Fractions, Measurements and weights are the kind of math that i will be using most in cooking. Classical cooking technique, baking and catering are all greatly effected by basic math fundamentals. I have to use exact measurements when making a beurre blanc or a consomme. measurements and math are very important to get the proper flavor and texture from any food being prepared . food is very precise, you need to use base elements before you can start improvising on your own. cooking is about more lenient in this regard but baking is a whole other world. Baking and pastry is pretty much chemistry but with food instead of raw elements. In chemistry of cooking you combine certain ingredients to produce other more finished products. When you are doing that every element needs to be weighed out exactly and combined in a certain manner, otherwise you will just end up with a mess. Catering is another place math is used to translate regular recipes into great volume, simple addition and multiplication aid in this field. If you have a simple recipe that serves 4-6 people you need to be able to multiply that by 10 or even 15 to feed many more people. Without basic math fundamentals one would not be able to create a meal or translate a recipe for a large catering job.

Ryanair Internal and External Factors

Ryanair Internal and External Factors The following report analyses how internal and external factors control to the strategy that Ryanair Plc is following. This report undertakes a detailed study of Ryanair which include a brief outlining of the companys products and services. Mission, vision and values of the airline will be also explained. It evaluate companys current strategy and the management of that strategy. It also gives a brief evaluation of Ryanairs financial structure as well as an environmental analysis of the European airline industry and how this affects Ryanair. Each section of the following report represent the key findings. Introduction to company section includes Ryanairs background, mission and vision statements, Corporate Social Responsibility policy, companys stakeholders. External environment section include SWOT analysis. This analysis explain Internal (Strengthens and Weaknesses) and External (Opportunities and Threats) factors. Furthermore, PEST analyse is described. In order to understand companys profitability in relevance to the competitors, the Porters Five Forces framework is used. In Financial sector the turnover , profit margins, operating profit, current ratio, solvency ratio, gearing ratio and the comparability of these during 2006-2008 period is explained. Using the Ansofts growth matrix the main strategic direction that Ryanair follow was indentified. The methods of development such as low cost, no- frills model, finding new markets for existing products, opening new routes are outlined and analysed. Conclusions and recommendations was explained using a SPACE . Introduction to Company 4.1 The largest low-fare European company Ryanair was set up in 1985 by Cristy and Tony Ryan and Liam Lonergan. Company started working only with 25 members of staff. Ryanair replicated the American Southwest Airlines business model and re-launched it in 1990 growing in nowadays to be the biggest low fare European company with 7,118 of employees. From the statistic of European Low fare Airline Association (June 2009) The number of passengers carried from June 2008 to June 2009 was 60,2 millions, the load factor was 81.4%, number of flight per day-1,200 and average fleet age is 2.8 years.(ELFAA 2009) Chief Executive officer from 1994 is M. OLeary. Ryanair became a public company in 1997. It is currently offering flights to 26 European Countries with 150 destinations and it operates on 880 different routes daily with 1,200 flights a day. (History of Ryanair) Ryanair does not have a formal mission or vision statement. But from the public statements of the company is to simply continue to be the largest low -cost leader in the European airline industry (Box,Tomas M, Byus, Kent 2007, p 2). The company has a bigger market share, better customer service than its competitors, good reputation and a strong image. Ryanair aims to be a leader in all airline industry and have a stable competitive advantage. Stakeholders From the definition of Freman (1984) stakeholders are people or organisation who are affected or can be affected by the organisations actions. One type of stakeholders is individuals or groups who have any relationship with company. Another type is secondary stakeholders which are other societal groups affected by activities of a company. First of all Ryanairs stakeholders are shareholders who own the shares and have rights to claim dividends, elect the board of directors and have other important rights. Employees are very important to the company as their knowledge, skills, loyalty and abilities provide success for Ryanair. Employees want to have satisfaction from job and various benefits from the company. Customers are the biggest source of income for the company. Customers expect that the company meets their needs and wants. Suppliers are part of the company providing goods and services to give service to the customers and meet their needs and wants. Competitors are also important stakeholders as they are used to compare the service and product quality with to increase competitiveness. Governments have direct impact on the company. Ryanair has to pay taxes and follow the rules and regulations set by the government. Local communities are also stakeholders. Ryanair has to support the local governments, respect the locals and provide employment to take part in community relationships. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility policy is a function of self-regulating mechanism which ensures a loyalty to law and ethical standards. Company would ensure responsibility for the impact of their activities on the environment and all stakeholders. Wood (1984) According to the spectrum created by Robin and Reidendach (1995) there are five levels of Corporate Social Responsibility: amoral, legalistic, responsive, ethically engaged and ethical. Based on the articles from The Business Respect news (2007) the Ryanair provided incorrect information in regards to its CO2 emission. Instead of the correct figure of 5.5% it reported a figure of 2%. The company was also very misleading about its price in adverts in Denmark and Britain. Another negative factor of Ryanairs social responsibility was the Bob Ross case about disability discrimination. In January 2004 Ryanair refused to give free wheelchair to Mr Ross. (Archive of Ethical Corporation) These examples of unacceptable behaviour show that Ryanair can be marked as a legalistic company without code of ethics. From the case study by Valerie Swaen (2005) negative image of company and negative CSR can cause bad reputation, decrease in sales and as the result loss in profits and future financial; performance. External Environment 5.1 From the research of the Euromonitor International (2008) using their SWOT analysis. Hill, T and Westbrook, R(1997 ) suggested that SWOT analysis is strategic planning method to estimate Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats engage in company. 5.1.1 Strengths Ryanairs biggest strength is its ability to maintain profitability and the position of leading low-cost carrier while offering the cheapest flight fares in the whole of industry. 5.1.2 Weaknesses Poor reputation when it comes to cancelling flights on short notice and hidden fees. As any other airline the Ryanair is exposed to the high fuel prices, increased costs of airport security (as the response to the global terrorism threat) and generally bad economic climate. Struggling Irish economy also poses its risks as Ryanair is an Irish company. Customers prefer to spend less money for travel as result of global economic downturn and redundancy at work place for many people. Moreover there is a lot of competition in the low-cost flights market. Strengths and weaknesses are internal environmental factors. 5.1.3 Opportunities: One of the main opportunities for Ryanair lays in opening new routes, for example US or Eastern European destinations. Another opportunity is favourable climate for acquisitions after bankruptcies of some airlines. As it will allow to expand the market for example market expansion in Italy after the Alitalia was bankrupted. Another opportunity that can be attached to the company is it would gain more customers if they would be able to conclude the latest trends in airline management and marketing to meet the demands of their target market. 5.1.4 Threats: One of the main threats is increasing taxes and airports surcharges. Threats of terrorist attracts on airplanes and in airports. Fall down in the number of passenger preferring the fly as the result of the economic downturn of European economic. Not using the main airports, especially Heathrow, will make it difficult to open new routes and will cause the company to lose share of the market. 5.2 PEST It has been observed by Kotler (1998) that PEST analysis is a very useful tool for a company to find out the business situation and indentify important factors that could decline or help to grow the business. It also analyzes the entire market and discovers new market share. Political UK government put on enforced security and restrictions due to terrorism attacks on airline and airports. Also changes in policies and rules in countries where Ryanair flies to could affect the airline. Desire to support local air carriers by some national governments can hurt the Ryanair, but on the other hand other countries governments might welcome and support the Ryanair wanting to benefit from the increasing number of tourists coming to the country. Economical The main problems facing the company and the whole industry in general are the exchange rates -devaluation of GBP against the Euro and the USD and recent modern phenomenon known as the Credit crunch -a panic-driven massive withdrawal of credit from all sections of society desperately in need of it by banks that have previously been engaged in an orgy of unsustainable, irresponsible lending of fictitious money in huge amounts largely to people who any fool could see had no means of repaying it. (Gegan(2009),p 1) which cause reduction of business activity in all sectors of the world economy. Also that puts off a significant number of people to spend money, moreover increasing the number of unemployed (Euromonitor International Report). Cost of fuel and sometimes volatile and unpredictable situations in countries which supply the fuel, as well as the economic change in countries where Ryanair want to open the new routes to. There is also the Bird flu; Swine flu and extreme weather chang e that can hurt companys performance.(Guardian news paper 2003, 2007,2009 ) Social Because of the low price for tickets company attract a wide range of demographic group of consumers. Expansion of the market as the result of new member countries joining the European Union.(Key Note, Airlines 2008 report) Technological Ryanair is using a well known aircraft the Boeing 737(European Low fare Airline Association 2009) that gives less pollution to atmosphere, less noise and less carbon emission (Boeing website). Using website sales and services as well as check-in online, self service checks at airports allows the company to reduce the costs, but also could put off some passenger for whom it might be too technical and make them unhappy. (Ryanair website) Porters Five Forces (1979) is a framework used to analyze the strategy of business development. This analysis helps to understand and clarify the sustainability of profit of company against bargaining and competitors. The business strategies are : Barrier to entry Supplier power Buyer power Availability of substitute Rivalry 5.3.1 Barrier to entry Entire airline industry needs a big capital investment. But a new company can grow gradually by leasing or buying small airplanes as it was with Ryanair that started with only one 15-seater plane (Ryanair website). Some difficult come with starting new routes which are particularly competitive. It is medium threat to entry. Supplier power The airline industrys has two main suppliers: plane manufacturers and the aviation fuel suppliers. Ryanair has a very good and long-standing relationship with its main aeroplane supplier Boeing. Ryanairs relationship with fuel suppliers is a more difficult one. The cost of fuel heavily depends on the cost of oil. The price of oil is heavily influenced by market speculators, international cartels and the governments of several Middle-Eastern countries. Buyer power Customers exert a huge power because they can easily go to competitors. 5.3.4 Availability of substitute Ryanair does not have a strong loyalty from its customers. This is all the result of a bad reputation it gets in the press and by word of mouth. Mostly because of the delayed flights, missing luggage, dirty planes, low level of safety standards for disable people (The Independent 2006). All these problems should in theory make Ryanairs customers run to its competitors and create a genuine risk to the companys existence, but they dont. Other low cost airlines suffer from similar problems while other types of transport such as Eurostar train, ferries, and cars do not offer the speed of travel modern customers need. So it can be concluded that availability of substitutes does not pose a high treat to Ryanair. Rivalry The number of low-cost airlines has increased in nowadays, but Ryanair has a very strong position on the market. The big advantage is in avoiding the main airports. It significantly reduces the operational costs. Unfortunately this is a disadvantage as well since lots of passengers prefer to use major airports. To compete with Ryanair will put a heavy pressure on price and profitability. Here is not much difference in provided services. All competition is about the price. Moreover there is a high exit barrier in the air industry. Company Financial Performance According to figures from FAME that help to measure financial performance of Ryanair to estimate progress and achievement of the business. Looking at the figures from 2006 to 2008 companys turnover increased by 42% in the year 2007 as a result of adding on charges and side business and adding new popular routes in that year. Figures of company profit margins decreased in 2008 by 16 % result of increasing fuel prices and increased number of employees. Furthermore critical globally changes to the economic climate also caused the decrease in profitability. In the year 2006 and 2007 profit margin was in a stable position at 20%. Operating profit increased by 23% in 2007 and by 33% in 2008 thanks to bigger number of passengers using the services of Ryanair and growing subsidiary revenue. The company has a good current ratio of 1.53. It has decreased from the year 2007 figure of 2.10. The current ratio indicates companys ability to pay short-term obligation. The meaning of these figures is that Ryanair had less liquidity than in the year 2007, but still had enough funds to pay their debts. Solvency ratio in year 2008 substitute less glowing than in previously years 2007 and 2006 .Solvency ratio in 2007 was 44.63% it is decreased by 2% comparing the ratio from year 2006 when it was 42.98%. Though the indicator of solvency ratio in 2008 which was 39.54% has decreased for five percent, company is in a condition to gather its liability obligations. In 2008 Ryanair employed more staff because it opened new routes (Ryanair website) as result of it its gearing ratio increased by 18% from 87.12% in 2007 to 105.31% in 2008, also a result of rising cost of fuel. Gearing ratio measures the long term finance. If the gearing ratio is high the company depends on long term borrowing. Very high gearing ratio is quite risky for a company, but companies have to borrow money to invest it in their growing business.(Encyclopaedia online). In the face of all difficulties Ryanair achieved growing revenue and sales by attracting big numbers of customers by the low price for the ticket and giving the consumers what they want excluding the extra service. Ryanair can reduce the borrowing by decreasing the number of new aircrafts or by cancelling new purchases of planes and concentrating attention on efficient use of existing aircrafts (FAME) (See appendix 1). Company Strategy Using the Porters (1985) genetic competitive strategies Ryanair follows the cost leadership strategy. These include cost leadership, differentiation, cost focused and differentiation focus. Each generic strategy helps the company to establish and exploit a competitive advantage within an exacting competitive range. Cost leadership achieved competitive advantage by being the lowest cost company in air industry using the cost control. (Porter 1985) Ryanair European low cost carrier provides to its passengers a big variety of routes and reduced prices of tickets by excluding extra facilities such as free meals, free drinks, first and business classes, pillows, blankets, which are usually offered to passenger who travel by full cost air operators.(Ryanair website) From The Daily Telegraph survey of 19.09.09 Ryanair charges more for the extra services than other low fare flights: 35% more for coffee and tea; 50% more for small bottle of wine and 30% more for sandwiches than EasyJet, Flybe, BMI and Monarch. Ryanair only gives service by provide transportation from one destination to another avoiding the main airports and excluding frills, all extra services are still available for an additional payment to a willing customer. According to Thompson, J and Martin, F (2009, chapter 5 p 301) Cost focus strategies can be based on finding a distinct group of customers whose needs are slightly below average. Costs are saved by meeting thei r needs specifically and avoiding unnecessary additional cost. In addition prices are reduced by providing 100% internet check-in, no tickets, no refund for tickets, putting more sits by reducing room for legs. Airline providing only direct flights from one airport to another maximizes the number of flights it can have per day. Prices are reduced by not depending on travel agents with direct tickets sales through phone and website. For Ryanair using the same aircraft Boeing is just another way to reduce the costs by saving money on retraining the staff. Furthermore newly recruited employees have to pay for the training by themselves. Main competitors are EasyJeat, BMI baby; Flybe who also attract customers with cheap flights. In the article written by Mun,J it is indicated that all the additional costs are passed to the passengers in order to maximise the profits. By providing the variety of destinations and routes in Europe give big opportunity for Ryanair increasing their market share and had become one of the most important core competencies for them to carry on competitive advantages. Strategic Direction of Development The Ansoffs Growth matrix (1987) is a tool that helps businesses decide their product and market growth strategy. Using the matrix to analyse the main strategic direction that Ryanair follows. Ryanair follows market penetration model. It penetrates market with both its products and services. It starts with existing customers of the company and convinces them to use companys services more often. They do increase sales without forgetting the original strategy. Ryanair penetrate markets by getting competitors customers and attracting new customers by offering the lowest priced services. Retaining existing customers is more beneficial and cheaper than attracting new ones. This means that Ryanair has to gain more loyal customers. Ryanairs objective of establishing the company as Europes leading low-cost airline are being well carried out. Methods of Development Methods used by Ryanair to pursue its strategic directions have been successful so far. Ryanairs main response to its competitors remains providing the lowest fares from all the European budget airlines. It offers frequent flights on short-haul routes. Ryanair uses the Internet as the main distribution channel to keep operational and customer service costs low. It further reduces expenditure by staying out of major airports and so avoiding excessive airport access fees. Their low cost, no frills strategy has been very effective and has helped in challenging competitors. Ryanair continued to demonstrate strong growth. It responds with low fares and aggressive pricing to attract customers and maintain high load factors. (Mognetti, 2002). Expansion strategy is one of the factors that put Ryanair to position itself in the air industry market. From Robinson and Lundstrom (2003) market expansion is the strategy of organisations growing when company is trying to find new market for existing product. Company could grow by attracting new customers or catch the attention of new geographic or demographic markets The company start only with one route and continuing to explore new. Buying the Buzz company gives to company opportunity to opened new routes in France. Ryanair already have 880 routes to different destination and their plans to opens routes to the US. In addition, the company website has been able to make the company position itself in the global market (Daily Mail 2009). In terms of suitability, the opportunities of Ryanair are definitely directed to growth. This is based on the companys on-going strategic planning. Further, by exhausting the companys research and development efforts, the possible future strategies are feasible. By looking on the financial framework of Ryanair, it could be deemed that the company is able to carry out such strategies, while maximizing returns, enhancing profitability and minimizing risks. Finally, the acceptability of such strategies meets the expectations of the stakeholders. Conclusions and Recommendations The SPACE matrix (Rowe et al. (1989)) shows that company pursue an aggressive strategy. The company is the strong competitor in the market and is growing rapidly within the industry. Using the matrix it was identified that Ryanair could use its internal strengths to develop market penetration and market development strategy. (see appendix 2) 10.1 Changes that occurred in the airline industry over the past ten years directly reflect in how the Ryanair evolved over the last years. From a company servicing just few European destinations it became a leading low-cost carrier, outweighing any other company with the cheapest available fares on the market. The airline industry is not a natural monopoly and the sunk costs are not that dramatic as planes can be both bought and sold, and the air that people fly through is essentially free. With deregulation however, the airline industry became a realistic version of a contestable market, and firms such as Ryanair and Easyjet were able to enter. But in the process, Ryanair has managed to take control of the European airline industry. However Ryanair have forced new entrants into investing in sunk costs far greater than when they entered the market themselves, coming through the importance and strength of the Ryanair brand name. The control and growth potential is and will be so strong that Ryanair appears to be single-handedly taking over the European airline market. This former minnow has persevered with a very simple but effective policy; people will travel for as little amount as possible. 10.2 In the airline industry Ryanair is more profitable than its competitors. Company needs to continue to expand into new markets and at the same time built better relationships with existing internal and external customers. Ryanair has to strive to become a more ethical company. Ryanair should build customers loyalty by improving their customer service. Their challenges for the future will be sustaining growth, expanding globally and maintaining their cost leadership model. Ryanair following the sustainable growth model should be able to generate more sales without borrowing. Expanding their routes outside of Europe would be a great opportunity for Ryanair to become world leading low-cost airline. List of References Anonymous(2009), Ryanair reveals record profits. 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